Like other hala pepe, Dracaena auwahiensis produces large clusters of yellow to orange tubular (perfect) flowers (photograph courtesy of Susan Fawcett CC BY-NC 4.0). These develop into bright red fleshy berries (see photograph below) as they ripen, turning to a dull purplish-brown before dropping to the ground (photograph courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr CC BY 3.0 US). The leaves of D. auwahiensis can vary quite a bit in length and width as these two examples illustrate (photograph of long droopy leaves courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr CC BY 3.0 US; photograph of rare short curly leaves courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr CC BY 3.0 US). D. auwahiensis is probably the most tree-like of all the endemic Hawaiian Dracaena species (photograph courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr CC BY 3.0 US), and is certainly the largest I (Koebele) have ever seen (photograph of Kim Starr next to the base of an ancient hala pepe in Makawao, Maui (photograph courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr CC BY 2.0).

Draceana auwahiensis is probably the most commonly cultivated of all the endemic Hawaiian hala pepe. Here a young plant is already producing a multitude of colorful fruits; note moa (Psilotum nudum) growing at the base of this hala pepe (photograph courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr CC BY 3.0 US). Here a larger cultivated D. auwahiensis has multiple branches, each topped with a cluster of bright yellow-orange flowers (photograph courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr CC BY 2.0). D. auwahiensis has been planted extensively and successfully as part of the restoration of the ancient native dry forest at Auwahi, Maui (photograph courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr CC BY 3.0 US).

Growth Requirements

General

Accent

Specimen Plant

Hala pepe are generally slow growing, but well worth the effort.

This species, C. auwahiensis is a mid to low elevation, but not coastal, plant. Specimen plants though slow growing when young, will reach heights to 25 feet. [Native Nursery, LLC]

This hala pepe (C. auwahiensis) appears to be one of the easiest and rewarding of the native Chrysodracon spp. to grow and establish at low elevations (c.300 ft.) with very little extra care or watering required. [David Eickhoff, Native Plants Hawaiʻi]

Ferilizers can be used in light amounts. [Ethan Romanchak, Native Nursery, LLC] Use caution not to over fertilize hala pepe.

None necessary, except to remove dead lower leaves and spent fruit stems (panicles).

Dry

Hala pepe require low water needs. [Ethan Romanchak, Native Nursery, LLC]

Soil must be well drained

Full sun

Tolerances

Drought

Soils

Cinder

Do not overwater this plant. [Ethan Romanchak, Native Nursery, LLC]

    There are a handful of native Hawaiian plants that I (Koebele) have only grown or propagated a few times or sometimes only once, usually because of the scarcity of propagules (i.e., seeds, cuttings). Normally, I avoid writing about these species until I have had more experience growing them. Here, I am breaking that "rule" with Dracaena halapepe because of the very longterm (over 25 years) success I have had with this species. Therefore, please follow my recommendations below with caution, since in most cases, they are based on one or two plantings. 

    Alien Dracaena species such as the Dragon tree (D. marginata) and Corn plant (D. fragrans) have long been kept as container plants or planted in a landscape as an accent because of their distinctive look — one or more long thick stems with a cluster of strap-like leaves at their tips. Dracaena halapepe is the perfect native Hawaiian substitute. 

    Dracaena halapepe does best in a site with full sunlight for most of the day. However, I have seen young wild plants growing under more shaded conditions. Keep the surface soil surrounding your D. halapepe moist, but not wet, at all times. I nearly lost one of my plants when the automated sprinklers malfunctioned for two weeks. The top half of this hala pepe died, but it was able to recover after I repaired the sprinklers and remoistened the soil.

    In the ground, I have only grown Dracaena halapepe in rocky clay and organic soil that drained water quickly. In a container, my plants grew in a two-to-one sphagnum peat moss and black cinders mix.

    Dracaena halapepe grows slowly, less than a foot per year at best. While my plants grew a single main trunk with multiple upper branches, it's not uncommon to see wild hala pepe with multiple main branches ascending from near their base (see photograph above). I never saw my 25-plus-year-old hala pepe flower. Nor, have I ever seen a wild D. halapepe flowering. According to Wagner et al. [1990], this species rarely flowers. (This is in contrast to the other native Hawaiian Dracaena which typically flower once a year.) However, thanks to some fortunate botanists like Joel Lau who have seen D. halapepe blooming, I can share with you photographs (above) of its beautiful hanging inflorescence. 

    I never fertilized my in-the-ground hala pepe with anything more than an infrequent (i.e., once a year) top dressing of compost. For my containerized hala pepe, I applied either a balanced slow-release fertilizer with minor elements every six months, or gave the plant a foliar feeding every couple of months with an inorganic water-soluble fertilizer diluted to half the recommended strength. 

    Avoid pruning your hala pepe except to remove old dead leaves by hand. (When the top half of my hala pepe died, I cut off the dead stem with a handsaw.) Hala pepe branches will break in high winds (or careless hands), so keep your plant in a protected site. Fortunately, healthy plants will usually recover from even a major break, and will put out new stem shoots from the remaining branch(es). Hala pepe bark and wood are soft. Therefore, it's a good idea to protect the base of your plant from trimmers and chewing pests with a wire cylinder, 2L plastic bottle, or other means. 

Pests and Diseases

Hala pepe is prone to scale and root chewing arthropods attack young plants. Corn worms attack roots. Also root rot and Cyrcospora fungal crown rot. [Ethan Romanchak, Native Nursery, LLC]

    Chewing pests such as cockroaches, snails and slugs, and rats and mice are always a serious and potentially lethal concern with hala pepe, even with large mature plants. Therefore, inspect the base of your plant regularly since this is normally the first area attacked. Unfortunately, there is no universal defense, so refer to the Pests & Diseases page for the best way(s) to battle each of these pests. 

    For the longest time, I incorrectly diagnosed the leaf spotting on the older leaves of hala pepe (see photographs below) as some type of fungal infection. Then I came across Scot Nelson's photographs on Flickr. Scot Nelson is a Plant Pathologist at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, so I trust his diagnosis. Dr. Nelson states that these spots are a symptom of potassium deficiency. Therefore, the proper treatment if you see these spots is to apply a potassium-rich fertilizer to your hala pepe. Several suitable options are available for purchase online or at your local garden shop.

Occasionally, hala pepe are infested by scale insects. Refer to the Pests & Diseases page for ways to eliminate scale insects.

    Overwatering, resulting in constantly wet soil, can promote harmful soil-borne fungi and bacteria that can infect the base and roots of your hala pepe and kill it. Therefore, don't overwater, and keep the surface soil around your plant dry most of the time.

Special Features and Information

General

    Asparagaceae includes species that vary widely in their appearance and growth form, but is based on the edible garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species native to all continents except Antarctica. Its taxonomy has undergone several revisions, including some recent changes since 2000. Currently (2025), there are approximately 3,170 species within 126 genera in the family [WikipediA;Asparagaceae].

    There are currently seven recognized species of native Dracaena in the Hawaiian Islands, with each species limited in range to one or two islands. 

• Dracaena aurea — **** expand descriptions ****Kauaʻi 

• Dracaena auwahiensis — Moloka'i and Maui

• Dracaena fernaldii — Lānaʻi

• Dracaena forbesii — Oʻahu 

• Dracaena halapepe — Oʻahu

• Dracaena halemanuensis — Kauaʻi

• Dracaena konaensis — Hawaiʻi Island

Hawaiian Name

    In Hawaiian, pepe can mean "small," while pēpē can mean "baby" [Pukui & Elbert 1986]. Therefore, it is generally believed that hala pepe means "small or baby hala," hala (Pandanus tectorius) being a common and important plant to Hawaiians. Likely, it was the similarity in the shape of the two trees and their leaves, along with the observation that hala pepe trees and their leaves are generally smaller than those of hala, that led to this naming. Pepe can also mean "flat," which leads to an alternative explanation for the name proposed by Karl Magnacca; that the name refers to the flat leaves of hala pepe compared to the ridged leaves of hala. Halapepe, as one word, occasionally appears in the literature in reference to these plants. 

Etymology

    Dracaena is the Latinized form of the Greek word drakaina, meaning "female dragon," and likely is a reference to the dragon tree (with its red resinous sap), described by Carl Linnaeus, who assigned it to the new genus [WikipediA;Dracaena draco]. 

    The species name, auwahiensis, is named after Auwahi, a region in southeastern Maui, where this species can be found in remnant native dry forest. The area has been the site of intensive restoration efforts for decades by the landowner (‘Ulupalakua Ranch), scientists like Art Medeiros, and thousands of volunteers [Auwahi.org]. The suffix -ensis was added to geographically Latinize the name.