... a 1 meter (6 ft) spread of fronds growing to about 1.2 m (4 ft) and are broader at the centers than the shorter fronds of the indigenous N. cordifolia ...

... hawaiiensis, and, possibly, with N. cordifolia (more commonly called kupukupu) [Valier 1995], both in the Nephrolepidaceae or Sword fern family ...

... Native ferns such as palapalai (Microlepia setosa), kupukupu (Nephrolepis cordifolia), or niʻaniʻau (Nephrolepis exaltata) may be planted around ...